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Background: The majority of nosocomial infections are seen in intensive care units and they course with higher rates of mortality and morbidity worldwide. Objectives: To identify the current microbial isolates and their antimicrobial susceptibility pattern from the tracheal aspirate culture in a tertiary care hospital in Dhaka city.Materials and Method: This retrospective study was conducted in the department of Microbiology at Holy Family Red Crescent Medical College Hospital, Dhaka from January 2020 to June 2021 for a period of one and a half years. Written consent was taken from the corresponding authority.A total of 109 samples were collected from tracheal aspirates of the patients who were admitted to the hospital with the critically ill patients in intensive care units.Microsoft Excel software was used for data analysis.Results: A total of 109 samples were analyzed. Of them, the predominant populations were male 73(66.97%) and the remaining were female 36(33.03%). Out of 109 samples, 70 (64.22%)was culture positive. Culture negative was 39 (35.78%). The majority of isolates were Gram-negative bacteria. Among them, predominant bacteria wereKlebsiella spp. 43(61.43%) followed by Acinetobacter spp 19(27.15%), Pseudomonas spp. 05(07.14%) & Gram-positive isolates waswereaph. Aureus 03(04.28%). Klebsiella species showed higher sensitivity totigecycline 97.67%, colistin 93.02%, amikacin 65.11% and meropenem 37.20% & gentamicin 30.23%. Other drugs showed wer sensitivity to axicillin/clavulenic acid 18.60%, and ciprofloxacin 18.60% , trimethoprim/ sulfamethoxazole 09.30%, ceftazidime & cefuroxime 04.65% and lowest sensitivity shown in ceftriaxone 02.32%. Acinetobacter speciesshowed higher sensitivityin colistin at 100% and tigecycline at 47.36%. Other drugs like amikacinand trimethoprim/ sulfamethoxazole 15.78% and the lowest sensitivity were shown in meropenem 10.52% and high resistance in gentamycin, ceftriaxone, ceftazidime, and ciprofloxacin.Pseudomonas spp. showed the highest sensitivity 60.00% to piperacillin-tazobactam, amikacin, imipenem, meropenem, and gentamycin, 40.00% to ciprofloxacin, 20.00% to ceftazidime & cefepime.All the isolate of Staph. aureus was the highest sensitive 100% to vancomycin and linezolid, 66.66% sensitive to amikacin, trimethoprim/ sulfamethoxazole, tetracycline, and gentamicin, 33.33% showed lower sensitivityto amoxicillin/ clavulanic acid, cloxacillin and ciprofloxacin.Conclusion:This study aimed to investigate thedistribution of pathogenic microorganisms isolated from tracheal aspirate and their antibiotic sensitivity profile in intensive care units. A periodic review of the bacteriological profile and antibiotic sensitivity pattern is highly essential for the clinician to treat critically ill patients in ICU. Antibiotic policy & infection control programs should be included in every hospital to reduce this drug resistance.

Tuberculosis (TB) is infectious disease which represents a major health problem among the health care professionals especially in nurses around the world. This study was aimed to determine the levels of TB-related knowledge and practices of nurses in Bangladesh, and their associated socio-demographic factors. A descriptive correlational study design was used. A total of 112 nurses were selected randomly from National Institute of Diseases of the Chest and Hospital (NIDCH), Mohakhali, Dhaka. Data were collected from January to February, 2020. A 20- item Knowledge on TB Questionnaire (KTBQ) was used to measure the nurse’s level of knowledge on TB. A 17- item Practice on Tuberculosis Questionnaire (PTBQ) was used to assess the level of nurses’ practice on TB infection control. Descriptive statistics such as frequencies, percentages, mean, and standard deviation were used to describe the sample characteristics. Inferential statistics such as Pearson correlation test, one way of ANOVA, and t-test were used to examine the relationship between the variables. Data revealed that nurses had low level of knowledge (Mean=15.68 SD=2.26) and practice (Mean=47.91 SD=3.29) on TB infection control. There was statistically significant correlation between length of service and higher education level with practice on TB control. Nurses obtained low level of knowledge and practice on TB infection control. Higher education and more experienced nurses are required in practicing TB infection control.

Amputation is a surgical procedure by which a part or the whole of a limb or lower limb is being removed. Consequences of lower limb amputation can change in one’s personal life, affecting the individual’s well-being, autonomy and body-image including psychological impact, adjustment to amputation and social support. The aim of this study is to explore the lived experience of lower limb amputation patient in Bangladesh. A phenomenological qualitative research design was carried out among 15 participants with lower limb amputation who were admitted and follow up visited at National Institute of Traumatology and orthopedic rehabilitation (NITOR). Participants were selected for interview by using a purposive sampling technique. Data were collected by using interview guide to achieve comprehensive information related to lower limb amputation. Data were analyzed by using the process of content analysis. The results focus on- the following four themes, mentally depressed, difficulties in adjustment, coping mechanism and expectation of social support. Experience of lower limb amputation the study found the various reactions, emotional changes and physical discomfort after amputation. Nurses should have a deep understanding on coping strategies for amputees; provide them valuable support to adjust their emotions, and developing confidence to lead their lives.

Stress is a very common and unavoidable emotional strain among college students. It is considered to be a part of students’ life and can impact the students coping strategies in accordance with the demands of academic life. To describe perceived stress level among college students in Bangladesh. A descriptive study was conducted among 114 students conveniently selected at Sirajgonj Govt. College, Sirajgonj. Stress was measured by Perceived Stress Inventory (PSI) a 10 point scale consisted of 48 items in 5 dimensions. Data were analyzed by using descriptive statistics frequencies, percentage, mean, and SD to describe subject’s characteristics. Inferential statistics Pearson Product-Moment Correlation, t test, and ANOVA were used. The result showed the mean age of participants was 16.76 (SD=.56) with the range from 15-18 years old. More than half of them (51.8%) were male students. The majority were followers of Islam (96.5%) religion, came from nuclear families (86.8%). The mean score of perceived stress was 5.51 (SD=1.08). Majority of them have stated stress at moderate (76.32%) level and nearly one fifth at high (19.30%) level. Findings showed that the demographic characteristics age was significantly r=.23; p=.011 positively correlated with perceived stress. Monthly income was also significantly r = -.192; p=.039 negatively correlated with perceived stress. The mean age of the participants was 16.76 years old. In this study perceived stress of participants aged ranged from 15-18 years of old. So stress reduces strategy may applied for college students findings may source of future research.

Literature is one of the most appealing and remarkable expressions of human race. In fact, literature becomes the living recollection of a country. In ancient India, literature had its origin in the form of oral stories that retell morals to the society. Any good literature is universal as it transcends time, space, place, geographical and linguistic boundaries as long as any work of art discusses about human sentiments and emotions.

This study was aimed at evaluating the hypolipidemic effects of ethanolic extract of Azima tetracantha leaves against liver toxicity induced by carbon tetrachloride (CCl4) in male albino Wistar rats and to compare the same with the reference drug silymarin. Six groups of rats with six rats in each group were used as the experimental subject. Animals were allocated into a control group and liver toxicity control group. The remaining four groups received in addition to CCl4, silymarin (20 mg/kg/d) as a reference treatment and Azima tetracantha (100, 200 and 400mg/kg/d). Once the experiment period was completed, the biomarkers of lipid profile, including total cholesterol, serum triglycerides, high-density lipoprotein (HDL) and low-density lipoprotein (LDL)] were evaluated. Azima tetracantha significantly decreased the serum lipid profile markers cholesterol, triglycerides, phospholipids, fatty acids, VLDL, LDL, and increased HDL. Azima tetracantha could be a promising protective agent against cholesterol through the improvement of liver function, modulation of CCl4 by-products formation and thus has hypolipidemic potentials.